Gene Sharp, author of many publications on civil resistance, has classified non-violent methods of action into three types: first, “non-violent protests” involving symbolic acts of opposition, to show that those who resist are both against and for something; second, “non-cooperation methods”, which refer to social, economic and political forms of non-cooperation; and, third, “non-violent interference”, which implies actions designed to change the situation through psychological, physical, social, economic and political interference.
Using Sharp’s distinctions, it is clear that Kosovo Albanians experienced an escalation of state violence and oppression when applying the first type of non-violent method, which was characterized by non-violent protests that relied on symbolic acts of peaceful opposition – to show that those who resisted were both against and for something.
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