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UNMIK Media Observer, Afternoon Edition, September 17, 2025

Albanian Language Media:
  • Rubin continues his testimony: The KLA was not an organized structure (media)
  • Williams, former Rambouillet legal advisor, testifies in Thaci’s defense (media)
  • “There was no plan against civilians or political opponents”: Krasniqi’s defense presents international reports, UNMIK and EULEX documents as evidence (Nacionale)
  • Hovenier: Kurti’s statements about Constitutional Court led to suspension of Strategic Dialogue (RFE)
  • Constitutional Court President talks with senior US official (media)
  • "Danish reporter willing to testify about Serbia’s crimes in Kosovo" (Indeksonline)
  • “Mandatory military service raises concern among Albanians in Valley” (media)
  • Serbia’s Foreign Minister Djuric hints at “surprises” in Kosovo strategy (Koha)
Serbian Language Media:
  • Vucic says Rubio asked to meet him (Danas, FoNet)
  • Djuric: UN General Assembly opportunity to hear voice of Serbia (media)
  • Invitation to IDPs to vote in elections in Kosovo (Tanjug, RTS, Blic, media)
  • Milovic: Serbs must be united and stand together in reclaiming Serb-majority municipalities (Kosovo Online)
  • Flutra Kusari: Do not fall prey to anti-judicial propaganda, defamation will not be criminalized (media)
  • Abazi: Kurti manipulates north; normality will return when Serbian mayors take power (Kosovo Online)
  • 500 kilograms of marijuana, worth 750.000EUR confiscated in Suva Reka (media)
  • Vucic thanks Russia’s Foreign Intelligence Agency for information (N1)
  • European Commission denies Russian claims of interference in Serbia (N1)
  • Civic Initiatives warns of dangerous proposal to amend criminal code in Serbia: Every road blockade to be a criminal offense (N1)
Opinion:
  • Kosovo under Kurti risks losing its greatest ally, the US (Balkan Insight)
  • The parties of our hatred (KoSSev) 

 

Albanian Language Media

 

 

Rubin continues his testimony: The KLA was not an organized structure (media)

 

Former top US diplomat James Rubin said on the third day of his testimony at the Hague that in his opinion the Kosovo Liberation Army was not an organized structure, and that they were more of groups or clans, but not a genuine military structure. “From what I saw, there were no battalions, brigades or units in the KLA. I don’t believe there was an organization from a military standpoint … Some of them had uniforms, and some of them did not. We did not consider them as commanders or general staff,” he said.

 

Asked about communiques issued by the KLA, Rubin said he read many of them, but that they seemed to him as efforts to make the KLA more important than what it was. “I often read the communiques [of the KLA] but they seemed to me as efforts to make the KLA more important than it was. For me they were just manipulations,” he argued.

 

Rubin said that the society in Kosovo had been oppressed for decades. “In many travels to Kosovo throughout the years, I created a strong impression that these people were oppressed for decades. They did not have an organized government, they did not have organized police, they did not have an organized army. And the people with moral authority in a society as oppressed as that was, were the ones that could have more influence to convince the families not to engage in retaliation. The most efficient way to prevent retaliation was for these moral authorities to call on the families that had lost sisters and brothers in mass killings, not to retaliate. And in this society, moral authority is exceptionally important … This was my experience in many war zones,” he said.

 

Rubin also said that at the time Hashim Thaci, who was leading a political party, also called on people not to cause political violence.

 

Williams, former Rambouillet legal advisor, testifies in Thaci’s defense (media)

 

Following three consecutive days of testimony by former senior U.S. official James Rubin, the defense team of Hashim Thaci has called its second witness at the Kosovo Specialist Chambers in The Hague: Paul Williams, a well-known American legal expert and long-time advocate of Kosovo. Williams, who served as legal advisor to the Kosovo delegation during the 1999 Rambouillet peace talks, is a professor of international law and co-founder of the Public International Law & Policy Group (PILPG), Williams has been a key figure in supporting Kosovo’s right to self-determination and freedom. During the Rambouillet negotiations, he assisted the Kosovo team in articulating legal arguments to back their political claims, particularly in the face of Serbian opposition. Beyond Kosovo, Williams has advised on more than 20 peace processes worldwide, offering pro bono legal support through PILPG. He currently teaches at American University in Washington, D.C.

 

Williams said that one of the key points of discussion in Rambouillet was the role of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, and that the Kosovo delegation wanted the ICTY as a mechanism of justice. “The jurisdiction and ability of the ICTY to operate effectively was important for several reasons: a specific concrete context before the talks were the Recak Massacre and the prosecutor was trying to get access to Kosovo but did not have a visa. She was denied a visa. I remember it was the Recak Massacre and ambassador William Walker used the term ‘crimes against humanity’. The prosecutor wanted to investigate there, but they told her she did not have a visa,” he said. Williams said that another reason to support the empowerment of the ICTY was to safeguard “moral equality”.

 

Williams said that Thaci supported the proposal to cooperate with the ICTY. “Yes I remember, and yes he supported it,” he said.

 

Williams said he was invited to be an advisor to the Kosovo delegation by Bujar Bukoshi, then Kosovo Prime Minister in exile, on behalf of Kosovo President Ibrahim Rugova. He said that he worked closely with Bukoshi, Rugova and Veton Surroi, as well as in coordination with the Albanian diaspora in the US, which asked for legal advice and guidance on issues that were negotiated in Rambouillet. “Bujar Bukoshi invited me on behalf of Rugova to travel to Rambouillet and to take part in the negotiations on February 7. It was a formal decision with the consensus of the Kosovar delegation to invite me to the Chateau and to be a legal advisor, and Edita Tahiri and Bajram Kosumi, signed the formal decision,” he said.

 

Asked if he knew Veton Surroi, a member of the Albanian delegation in Rambouillet, in February 1999, Williams said that he knew him well and that he has had a strong professional and personal relation with him since. Asked if Surroi told him in February 1999 that he ever felt threatened by Hashim Thaci, Williams said: “he never told me, or implied to me, or expressed any behavior that he was threatened by Hashim Thaci. He never told me that he felt threatened by Hashim Thaci”.

 

“There was no plan against civilians or political opponents”: Krasniqi’s defense presents international reports, UNMIK and EULEX documents as evidence (Nacionale)

 

The news website reports that the defense team of Jakup Krasniqi at the trial in the Hague presented reports from UNMIK, EULEX and other international documents and media material as evidence. In a document that the news website claims to have seen, Krasniqi’s lawyer said that the evidence will prove that there was no plan by the KLA against political opponents or other civilians. “The defense claims that the proposed evidence are important to reject the allegations of the indictment about the alleged existence of a policy against alleged opponents or alleged knowledge of the defendant for crimes committed against the civilian population in Kosovo during the period of the indictment. The proposed evidence are from the same time with the alleged crimes and comes from the media, international observers present in Kosovo, or (international) investigation authorities,” the document notes.

 

Hovenier: Kurti’s statements about Constitutional Court led to suspension of Strategic Dialogue (RFE)

 

Former US Ambassador in Kosovo, Jeffrey Hovenier, said in an interview with the news website that the US to suspend the planned Strategic Dialogue with Kosovo reflects a mounting frustration with the unilateral actions of the Kosovo government, especially the criticism of caretaker Prime Minister Albin Kurti against the Constitutional Court. He said that the suspension is a great loss for bilateral cooperation but that it does not affect the US overall support for Kosovo.

 

“The Strategic Dialogue would be an important step for Kosovo and it is regrettable that it wont happen. This does not mean that continuous cooperation has been suspended or damaged, but it means that an opportunity to further it and strengthen it has been frozen. This should not attract the attention of all those that are concerned about the power and vitality of the relationship,” Hovenier said.

 

Asked what message the US is trying to send to Kosovo authorities, Hovenier said that their perception is that Kurti is not cooperating enough. “They believe that regardless of the advice, suggestions and efforts by the US, the caretaker Prime Minister and his government are continuing to take actions, which according to the United States, have a direct and negative impact on security and stability in the region,” he said.

 

Hovenier also said that “one thing that I have noticed in social media posts and other statements by officials, is that some are trying to minimize this. Some are saying that Albin Kurti and the Kosovo government still have good relations with the US, but this is simply not true. If everything was well, there wouldn’t be a need for the decision to suspend the Strategic Dialogue – temporarily or indefinitely”.

 

Hovenier also said that it is a US priority for Kosovo to be safe. “We are proud to be helping the Kosovo Security Force to become a multiethnic force capable of working with NATO, and with a mission for territorial defense. This is a very important part for security and stability. But I would say that this administration – and I am not part of it – has been more willing to take actions that the other administrations did not take. Therefore, any government of Kosovo must make sure to cooperate closely with the United States. I have noticed that President [Vjosa] Osmani continues to speak often about the need to coordinate with the United States … and – even when we don’t agree as friends and partners – we need to sit together and find common ways to move forward. This is very important,” he said.

 

Constitutional Court President talks with senior US official (media)

 

Most news websites report that the President of the Constitutional Court of Kosovo, Nexhmi Rexhepi, held a phone call with Mark Flemming, Director for Central and Western Europe at the U.S. State Department. According to the Court's official statement, the conversation focused on the Court’s work to uphold the rule of law and its role in maintaining constitutional order in Kosovo. Rexhepi thanked Flemming for the call and emphasized his appreciation for the ongoing support of the U.S. Government for the institutional independence of the Constitutional Court. Some news websites note that the telephone conversation comes amid rising tensions over recent public criticism of the Court by caretaker Prime Minister Albin Kurti, and “tacit support” for that criticism by President Vjosa Osmani.

 

"Danish reporter willing to testify about Serbia’s crimes in Kosovo" (media)

 

Danish photo reporter, Thomas Sjorup, who inaugurated his book “Kosovo at War” in Pristina today, said that he was willing to testify about Serbia’s crimes against civilians in Kosovo, Indeksonline reports. He thanked the people of Kosovo for their warm hospitality and that it is up to the judiciary to try war crimes. “Many people took me in their homes, gave me food, shared their stories, allowed me to photograph their lives, and this is what I remember the most. I hope we will never again have to experience such bad stories. I am truly grateful to the people of Kosovo for their warm hospitality. As far as the issue of war crimes is concerned, I think that they should determine them. I can speak only about what I saw, and if someone wants to ask me about what I experienced, they are always welcome, and I will always be ready,” he said.

 

Ekonomia Online quotes Sjorup as saying that his book, which includes photos of crimes against Albanians, is a result of years of work, reflections and meetings. “My hope is that ‘Kosovo at War’ will not be seen only as a collection of photographs, but also as evidence – a visual document of courage, loss and resistance. Every image shows the stories of ordinary people that faced extraordinary times. When I first came to Kosovo during the conflict, I saw scenes of unimaginable difficulties. But I also saw hope, dignity and the unbreakable spirit of the people of Kosovo, who opened the doors of their lives to me. These photographs aim to honor precisely that spirit and to preserve for the new generations. Earlier this year, I had the honor and great emotion to receive the Presidential Medal of Merits from her Excellency, the President of Kosovo. This is not only an acknowledgment for me – it belongs to every Kosovar that opened their doors and hearts and shared their stories with me, and for allowing me to enter their lives with my camera,” he said.

 

“Mandatory military service raises concern among Albanians in Valley” (media)

 

Several news websites report that Shaip Kamberi, the only Albanian member of the Serbian Parliament, in a Facebook post today, warns about the consequences of mandatory military service in Serbia, saying that the initiative is concerning for Albanians in Presevo Valley. 

 

Kamberi said that the collective memory of Albanians is still affected by the painful experiences during the time of the Yugoslav People’s Army where many Albanian youths were subject to discriminatory practices and suffered tragedies. He also said that he has filed in parliament a proposal to establish a special committee that would investigate the deaths of 135 Albanian soldiers in the Yugoslav People’s Army in the 1980s. He said that many of these cases which were registered as “suicides” or “accidents” according to the families of the deceased were suspicious because the bodies often had signs of violence. “The lack of independent investigations has strengthened the conviction that these were ethnically and politically motivated murders. It is time for the parliament to assume responsibility and create a special commission that would include representatives of the Albanian community and civil society,” he said.

 

Kamberi also said that justice for the victims is the cornerstone of reconciliation and a better future for all citizens.

 

Serbia’s Foreign Minister Djuric hints at “surprises” in Kosovo strategy (Koha)

 

Serbian Foreign Minister Marko Djuric has said that Serbia has been working for years to shift the stance of part of the international community on Kosovo, and now claims Serbia is preparing “even more surprises” related to its campaign to revoke recognitions of Kosovo’s independence.

 

Speaking in an interview with Radio Television of Vojvodina, Djuric stressed that Belgrade has not neglected the international recognition front, and linked upcoming moves to its wider diplomatic strategy against Kosovo’s statehood.

 

Djuric said that the point of the Ohrid Agreement which obliges Serbia not to obstruct Kosovo’s membership in international organizations, was “unacceptable for Serbia” since the beginning.

 

Serbian Language Media 

 

Vucic says Rubio asked to meet him (Danas, FoNet)

Aleksandar Vucic, the President of Serbia, told reporters in Tokyo that US Secretary of State Marco Rubio asked to meet with him during his upcoming stay in New York, where he will attend the United Nations General Assembly, adding he believes it is possible to resolve the issue of US tariffs, reported Danas. 

"We will have to solve the issue of American tariffs, American taxes, so that Toyo Tires can make new large investments. I spoke with Mr. Shimizu last night and this morning in a separate meeting. We also spoke with other representatives of Japanese companies and with their umbrella business institution, the Business Federation of Japan, and presented things in Serbia, presented the economic situation as it is, pointed out what they can expect if they invest in Serbia", said Vucic, evaluating as very good and fruitful the multi-day visit to Japan, during which he also visited the Expo World Exhibition and met with the Prime Minister and the Emperor of Japan. 

As reported by the media, when asked by journalists in Tokyo whether his stay in New York due to the UN General Assembly will be an opportunity to meet with some representatives of the US administration, Vucic said ten minutes ago he received a message that US Secretary of State Marco Rubio asking to meet with him. 

"And I will try to talk with (US Finance Minister Scott) Bessent from the Treasury Department, because these sanctions are now becoming important for us", said Vucic. 

He pointed out he cannot even say what level of investment a company from Japan will have in Serbia if ''we solve the issue of tariffs'', adding that he believed that it was possible.

Djuric: UN General Assembly opportunity to hear voice of Serbia (media)

Serbian Foreign Minister Marko Djuric announced his participation together with President Aleksandar Vucic at the UN General Assembly session next week. He told Euronews in Serbia this will be an opportunity to hear the voice of independent and free Serbia, a land of chances and opportunities.

During his talks with Euronews Djuric recalled this will be the 14th time that he follows this event. He underlined that this year’s participation will be an extremely significant opportunity to hear the truth on the position of Serbs in Kosovo.

Commenting on relations with the US, Djuric asserted that Serbia has made a tangible and visible progress in relations with the new US administration, adding he remains confident this will be confirmed during the upcoming meeting of President Aleksandar Vucic with US State Secretary Marco Rubio.

As he said this will be an exceptional opportunity to talk about strategic dialogue between two states, about what can be done in the region, but also about the Kosovo issue and other topics.  

Speaking of upcoming local elections in Kosovo due on October 12, Djuric said it is important that Serbs take part in these elections. He also said outgoing Kosovo Prime Minister Albin Kurti is afraid of the possibility that Serbs take over control in the municipalities and institutions in northern Kosovo. He noted it is important that as many Serbs as possible turn out to elections united around the Serbian List.  

Invitation to IDPs to vote in elections in Kosovo (Tanjug, RTS, Blic, media)

The Republic of Serbia invites internally displaced persons from Kosovo, temporarily located in central Serbia, to vote in the local elections in Kosovo scheduled for October 12, reported Tanjug, citing the Commissariat for Refugees and Migration announcement. 

The Commissariat for Refugees and Migration informed those interested that they could use their right if they have a valid identity card issued by the institutions in Pristina.

Milovic: Serbs must be united and stand together in reclaiming Serb-majority municipalities (Kosovo Online)

Serbs must be united and stand together in reclaiming municipalities with a Serb majority, Serbian List Presidency member Dragisa Milovic said. Speaking to RTS, Milovic said the situation is very difficult, describing conditions under which Serbs live in Kosovo as alarming.

“We live in a situation where we are faced with daily arrests, indictments for war crimes, attempts to change the ethnic composition in Gracanica and North Mitrovica. Everything is being done to make life more difficult for us in Kosovo and Metohija, and in those conditions we have to run a campaign”, he explained, recalling that Self-Determination tried to prevent the Serbian List from participating in the upcoming local elections.

He also recalled the burning of cars and properties belonging to Serb candidates, and emphasized that, despite such circumstances, Serbian List will persist in reclaiming the four northern municipalities and six Serb-majority municipalities south of the Ibar.

Milovic pointed out that the most difficult situation is in Gracanica, where 4,500 new voters have been registered. “Regardless of the fact that Albanians cannot agree at the parliamentary level, all parties are united when it comes to elections in Gracanica. That is a message to us Serbs that we must be united and stand together”, he underlined.

Read the full article at: https://shorturl.at/eBlEx

Flutra Kusari: Do not fall prey to anti-judicial propaganda, defamation will not be criminalized (media)

Legal adviser at the European Centre for Press and Media Freedom, Flutra Kusari said defamation in Kosovo is already regulated by civil legislation and urged people not to fall prey to, as she said, anti-judicial propaganda, Kosovo Online portal reported.

She made these remarks reacting to the statements of Self-determination Movement MP Hekuran Murati, who said his mission would be to propose amendments to the Criminal Code that would criminalize defamation at the next occasion.

“Anyone who is defaming, has to pay compensation. Defamation is and shall remain regulated by the civil legislation in Kosovo. If someone thinks of bringing us decades back to the past, he is mistaken, and time shall prove it. As someone regularly reading the verdicts for defamation, I reassure you our judges handle those cases with utmost professionalism and in line with the European Court for Human Rights standards”, she said in a post on Facebook.  

The portal recalled that Murati, over the previous days, was facing accusations against his family by KLA veterans organization chair, Hysni Gucati. 

Abazi: Kurti manipulates north; normality will return when Serbian mayors take power (Kosovo Online)

Former Deputy Prime Minister of Kosovo, Haki Abazi, said that in the local elections on October 12, acting Prime Minister Albin Kurti’s “masks will fall” in northern Kosovo, and normality will return the moment Serbian mayors take over the municipalities, reported Kosovo Online, citing Gazeta Express. 

Abazi stated that Kurti wanted to manipulate the situation, but normality will be restored in northern Kosovo after the elections.

“On October 12, all of Kurti’s masks will fall in the north. Kosovo must function as a democratic society. Serbian municipal presidents will return to the municipalities in the north. The Albanian population will realize that Kurti’s entire manipulation in the north served to influence and manipulate the south, not the north. Reality in the north will return the moment Serbian municipal presidents take power there on October 12,” he emphasized.

He also added that agreements with the EU will begin to be implemented, including those concerning police commanders.

“They will return to the structures. That is how Kosovo should function. Kurti thinks he can control the north with special units. There is no state in the world that can maintain democracy through special units,” Abazi said.

500 kilograms of marijuana, worth 750.000EUR confiscated in Suva Reka (media)

Kosovo police of the Prizren region have confiscated more than 500 kilograms of marijuana, in a barn in the village near Suva Reka, Kosovo Online portal reported. As police said the market value of confiscated marijuana is about 750.000EUR. A grenade launcher and hunting gun were also found during the searches.

Vucic thanks Russia’s Foreign Intelligence Agency for information (N1)

Serbian President Aleksandar Vucic thanked the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) for information regarding alleged preparations for a violent takeover of power on the anniversary of the Novi Sad train station accident and announced that Serbian security services would “additionally contact” the SVR concerning these allegations, N1 reported.

On Monday, Russia’s Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) accused the European Union (EU) and its member states of being behind protests in Serbia aimed at bringing in “an obedient government loyal to Brussels.” The SVR claimed their focus was “brainwashing” young people through Brussels-funded media.

“That is one of the most powerful foreign policy services or agencies. We always carefully monitor and read every SVR statement, even when they criticize us over ammunition. We carefully analyze these statements, and we respond to our Russian partners accordingly and implement certain measures”, Vucic said in Tokyo, answering questions from Serbian journalists after meeting with Emperor of Japan Naruhito.

The Serbian President assessed that “those who organized the color revolution” in Serbia “will have to make a final attempt to seize power by force”.

“I have no doubt that those who organized the color revolution cannot simply give up. Too much money has been invested, which is why they will have to make a final attempt to seize power by force. We are ready for it, we have been ready for it for a long time. We were ready for that attempt even before March 15. We were probably unprepared and caught off guard in December, January, and part of February, but since February 15, we are much more prepared, and things are different”, Vucic said.

European Commission denies Russian claims of interference in Serbia (N1)

The European Commission denied claims made by the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service that the European Union was behind the protests in Serbia. A commission spokesperson told N1 that “the allegations that the EU or Member States are fueling the protests are just not true”.

“This is another attempt from Russia to spread disinformation and hostile political rhetoric against the EU, its Member States and candidate countries. We regret that this narrative is being intensively amplified by a number of Serbian media outlets”, the spokesperson said in a written reply. According to him “Serbian authorities need to take more responsibility for countering misinformation and are yet to ensure a more proactive and objective communication about the EU and Serbia’s accession process”.

“We want a truly democratic Serbia inside the EU. We will continue with constructive engagement and will do everything possible to help Serbia move forward on its accession path but for this to happen, concrete steps on democratic principles and reforms are needed”, the spokesperson added.

Civic Initiatives warns of dangerous proposal to amend criminal code in Serbia: Every road blockade to be a criminal offense (N1)

The Civic Initiatives association raised alarms about what they describe as a dangerous proposal to amend the Criminal Code, which they say is an attempt by the regime to criminalize protests by declaring any road blockade a criminal offense, punishable by up to one year in prison.

“This move is not about protecting public safety, it is a clear message to citizens that any attempt at rebellion or resistance will be punished with imprisonment,” said the association, which focuses on democracy and civic education.

It explained that the draft amendments to the Criminal Code, open for public discussion until October 1, include changes to Article 290, which previously imposed criminal liability if “setting up obstacles on roads or stopping transport vehicles in rail traffic contrary to regulations endangers public transport” in a way that “puts people’s lives, bodies, or significant property at risk.”

The association said the proposed changes scrap this condition, introducing a prison sentence of up to one year for anyone who “sets up obstacles on roads or stops transport vehicles contrary to regulations.” This means any protest-related blockade of any road could be treated as a criminal act—even if it poses no real danger,” cautioned Civic Initiatives.

Read more at: https://tinyurl.com/5h3var8d

 

Opinion

 

Kosovo under Kurti risks losing its greatest ally, the US (Balkan Insight)

By Fron Nahzi

Kosovo’s combative prime minister is taking a wrecking ball to an all-important alliance that took decades to build up – and whose loss will leave the country dangerously exposed.

The United States’ recent suspension of its Strategic Dialogue with Kosovo should ring alarm bells in Pristina. Washington’s decision reflects mounting frustration with Prime Minister Albin Kurti’s increasingly combative stance – a stance that threatens to undo decades of goodwill and US support, painstakingly built up over more than three decades.

In an already fragile Europe, where major powers have bent over backwards to keep the US engaged as a counterweight to Russia’s ongoing aggression in Ukraine, Kosovo’s decision to chart an isolated course has bewildered its allies.

Instead of consolidating ties with its strongest backer, Kurti seems intent on defying the very forces that helped secure Kosovo’s freedom and statehood. This is not just a diplomatic misstep; it is a dangerous gamble.

Read more at: https://tinyurl.com/bdhsy297

The parties of our hatred (KoSSev) 

By Sasa Jankovic

Dear Ilir,

I hope you are well – though in times like these, who can truly say they are?

You are right about hatred. It is as irresistible as light is to moths. Together with fear, it is the strongest and most destructive tool for controlling people and reducing them from free, thinking beings to subjects. Today’s ruling parties resemble one another precisely in the hatred and fear by which they rule. With hatred they redirect the anger caused by their corruption and arrogance onto a “standing enemy” (here that is Albanians, Croats, foreigners – usually those from the West – and the political opposition). With fear they deter change: “after us there will be no one, there will be chaos.” Or: Kosovo, Albania, Croatia and Slovenia, the local head of all ruling parties just announced on his TV channels, have just signed a military pact against Serbia… But we are not afraid of you – all that remains for you is to hate us…

“The Party of Our Hatred — POH” (SNM in the original language) would be the most honest name for almost any ruling party around here (add a national label and you get SSM — Party of Serbian Hatred, SAM — Albanian, SHM — Croatian, etc.). Hate speech is formally banned, but for those in power, laws do not apply.

I’m following what’s happening in Kosovo, of course. You write that you don’t have a parliament. Essentially, we don’t either, even though ours has been constituted. At the root of that originally English word, I see “constitution.” The English, however, don’t have a constitution at all. We have two: a formal one, and the real one. The real one has only two articles:

1. Laws do not apply to those in power.

2. So, what.

Read more at: https://tinyurl.com/3a7nse3u